Understanding Easements and Property Rights in Malta
Article 400 of the Civil Code defines an easement as “a right established for the advantage of a tenement over another tenement belonging to another person, for the purpose of making use of such other tenement or of restraining the owner from the free use thereof”. Then, in terms of the article which follows, easements can be created in two ways: either by law or by an act of man. When it comes to the latter, the law states that it shall be lawful for the owners to establish any easement which they desire, as long as it does not go counter to public policy.
When it comes to examining what easements, tenements have over neighbouring property, the point of departure would be to examine the deed of sale. Does the contract of sale allow for the tenement of a property, to access the roof of another, and place his/her water tanks over the roof? And if so, does the former tenement pay a share of maintenance expenses of the roof?
One judgement which can be referred to is Licari vs Gusman, decided on the 15th of June 2023. In this case, the dominant tenement requested the court to declare that she had the right of perpetual use and passage over the roof belonging to the defendant. Use, in this case, was limited to a water tank, television aerial and dish antenna. The court, in this case, had categorised this easement as discontinuous and non-apparent, making Article 469(1) of the Civil Code applicable to it. In terms of this sub-article, continuous non-apparent easements must be created by a valid title and cannot be obtained by the passage of time.
Then, the law also requires that a title which creates an easement must result from a public deed, in the absence of which the right to an easement is null. The court further stated that if the easement, which is established in a public deed is normal and reasonable use thereof is made, whereby it does not hinder the other owners from the enjoyment of the roof, then, the exercise of the easement itself should be allowed, and that, in line with Article 474(1) of the Civil Code, the owners of the roof cannot do anything which restrict the use of the easement, by making it more burdensome.
Then, as confirmed in the judgement of Christoper and Marisa Galea vs Emanuel and Maria Concetta Spiteri, if owners of a particular tenement place a water tank on the roof, which does not belong to them, and other flat owners did not complain on such, nonetheless, this still does not give them the right to keep the water tank.
Therefore, from this it can be concluded that the right of passage over the roof belonging to another tenement and the use thereof is only permissible if the easement has been accounted for in the deed of sale. If this has not been included, then, the tenement cannot arbitrarily decide to place his water tank over the roof, if he has no ownership thereof. On the other hand, if the contract of sale permits such use and placement, then, the owners of the roof cannot hinder its application.
Our team of property law experts at Sciberras Advocates in Malta is here to assist with any legal issues you may encounter. Feel free to reach out to us at [email protected] for professional support.
This article is for information purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice.
Article and research done by Ms Caitlin Turner, LL.B. (Hons) (Melit.), currently reading a Master of Advocacy at University of Malta.
Sciberras Advocates founded by Dr Adrian Sciberras, is a law firm based in Malta. The firm prides itself to be multi-disciplinary, innovative and flexible in order to meet the changing times and any challenges in the local and international legal scenario. No matter what private or corporate complex demands are called for, Sciberras Advocates offers practical and cost-effective legal solutions to achieve your desired results. You may reach Sciberras Advocates by phone on +35627795222 or via email on [email protected].
